Добавил новый способ решения проблемы

quarkus-kafka-panache-generator/src/main/java/dev/struchkov/example/quarkus/generator/KafkaMessageGenerator.java

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ public class KafkaMessageGenerator {
         this.telegramChannel = telegramChannel;
     }
 
-
     public void start(@Observes StartupEvent ev) {
         for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
             final KafkaMessage kafkaMessage = new KafkaMessage();

quarkus-kafka-panache-problem/pom.xml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
         <quarkus.platform.artifact-id>quarkus-bom</quarkus.platform.artifact-id>
         <quarkus.platform.group-id>io.quarkus.platform</quarkus.platform.group-id>
-        <quarkus.platform.version>2.11.2.Final</quarkus.platform.version>
+        <quarkus.platform.version>2.14.0.Final</quarkus.platform.version>
         <skipITs>true</skipITs>
         <surefire-plugin.version>3.0.0-M7</surefire-plugin.version>
     </properties>

quarkus-kafka-panache-problem/src/main/java/dev/struchkov/example/quarkus/kafka/KafkaHandlerForNewVersion.java

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package dev.struchkov.example.quarkus.kafka;
+
+import io.smallrye.mutiny.Uni;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import org.eclipse.microprofile.reactive.messaging.Incoming;
+
+import javax.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
+import javax.enterprise.context.control.ActivateRequestContext;
+
+@ApplicationScoped
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class KafkaHandlerForNewVersion {
+
+    private final PanacheRepositoryImpl panacheRepository;
+
+    @Incoming("test")
+    @ActivateRequestContext
+    public Uni<Void> handle(KafkaMessage message) {
+        System.out.println("Получено сообщение " + message);
+        final EntityForDb entityForDb = new EntityForDb();
+        entityForDb.setCount(message.getCount());
+        return panacheRepository.persistAndFlush(entityForDb).replaceWithVoid();
+    }
+
+}

quarkus-kafka-panache-problem/src/main/java/dev/struchkov/example/quarkus/kafka/KafkaHandlerForOldVersion.java

@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@ import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import org.eclipse.microprofile.reactive.messaging.Incoming;
 
 import javax.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
+import javax.enterprise.context.control.ActivateRequestContext;
 
 @ApplicationScoped
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
-public class KafkaHandler {
+public class KafkaHandlerForOldVersion {
 
     private final EntityRepositoryImpl panacheRepository;
 
     @Incoming("test")
+    @ActivateRequestContext
     public Uni<Void> handle(KafkaMessage message) {
         System.out.println("Получено сообщение " + message);
         final EntityForDb entityForDb = new EntityForDb();

quarkus-kafka-panache-problem/src/main/java/dev/struchkov/example/quarkus/kafka/PanacheRepositoryImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package dev.struchkov.example.quarkus.kafka;
+
+import io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.panache.PanacheRepository;
+
+import javax.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
+
+@ApplicationScoped
+public class PanacheRepositoryImpl implements PanacheRepository<EntityForDb> {
+
+}