From 01d0b2b30439be6e5060fd77f4b7aa836c25d084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Raible <chris@ghost.org>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2024 15:25:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Added new member signup flow behind labs flag (#19986)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

ref https://linear.app/tryghost/issue/KTLO-1/members-spam-signups

- Some customers are seeing many spammy signups ("hundreds a day") — our
hypothesis is that bots and/or email link checkers are able to signup by
simply following the link in the email without even loading the page in
a browser.
- Currently new members signup by clicking a magic link in an email,
which is a simple GET request. When the user (or a bot) clicks that link, Ghost
creates the member and signs them in for the first time.
- This change, behind an alpha flag, requires a new member to click the
link in the email, which takes them to a new frontend route `/confirm_signup/`, then submit a form on the page which sends a POST request to the
server. If JavaScript is enabled, the form will be submitted
automatically so the only change to the user is an extra flash/redirect
before being signed in and redirected to the homepage.
- This change is behind the alpha flag `membersSpamPrevention` so we can
test it out on a few customer's sites and see if it helps reduce the
spam signups. With the flag off, the signup flow remains the same as
before.
---
 .../settings/advanced/labs/AlphaFeatures.tsx  |   4 +
 ghost/admin/app/services/feature.js           |   1 +
 .../services/routing/RouterManager.js         |   5 +
 .../services/routing/SubscribeRouter.js       |  27 ++
 .../services/routing/controllers/index.js     |   4 +
 .../services/routing/controllers/subscribe.js |  35 +++
 ghost/core/core/frontend/views/subscribe.hbs  |  36 +++
 .../services/members/MembersConfigProvider.js |   4 +-
 ghost/core/core/server/web/members/app.js     |   3 +
 ghost/core/core/shared/labs.js                |   3 +-
 .../admin/__snapshots__/members.test.js.snap  | 285 ++++++++++++++++++
 ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/members.test.js | 112 +++++++
 .../e2e-api/members/send-magic-link.test.js   |  48 ++-
 .../core/test/e2e-api/members/signin.test.js  |  35 +++
 .../e2e-frontend/subscribe_routes.test.js     |  62 ++++
 .../lib/controllers/RouterController.js       |  20 +-
 ghost/members-api/lib/members-api.js          |  52 ++++
 17 files changed, 730 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/SubscribeRouter.js
 create mode 100644 ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/subscribe.js
 create mode 100644 ghost/core/core/frontend/views/subscribe.hbs
 create mode 100644 ghost/core/test/e2e-frontend/subscribe_routes.test.js

diff --git a/apps/admin-x-settings/src/components/settings/advanced/labs/AlphaFeatures.tsx b/apps/admin-x-settings/src/components/settings/advanced/labs/AlphaFeatures.tsx
index 1340e93b61..5645b3d8b1 100644
--- a/apps/admin-x-settings/src/components/settings/advanced/labs/AlphaFeatures.tsx
+++ b/apps/admin-x-settings/src/components/settings/advanced/labs/AlphaFeatures.tsx
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ const features = [{
     title: 'NestJS Playground',
     description: 'Wires up the Ghost NestJS App to the Admin API',
     flag: 'NestPlayground'
+},{
+    title: 'Prevent Member Spam Signups',
+    description: 'Enables features to help combat spam member signups',
+    flag: 'membersSpamPrevention'
 }];
 
 const AlphaFeatures: React.FC = () => {
diff --git a/ghost/admin/app/services/feature.js b/ghost/admin/app/services/feature.js
index d508b8adc7..19db382793 100644
--- a/ghost/admin/app/services/feature.js
+++ b/ghost/admin/app/services/feature.js
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ export default class FeatureService extends Service {
     @feature('adminXDemo') adminXDemo;
     @feature('portalImprovements') portalImprovements;
     @feature('onboardingChecklist') onboardingChecklist;
+    @feature('membersSpamPrevention') membersSpamPrevention;
 
     _user = null;
 
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/RouterManager.js b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/RouterManager.js
index 7960be6117..90086d2fcd 100644
--- a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/RouterManager.js
+++ b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/RouterManager.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const PreviewRouter = require('./PreviewRouter');
 const ParentRouter = require('./ParentRouter');
 const EmailRouter = require('./EmailRouter');
 const UnsubscribeRouter = require('./UnsubscribeRouter');
+const SubscribeRouter = require('./SubscribeRouter');
 
 // This emits its own routing events
 const events = require('../../../server/lib/common/events');
@@ -109,6 +110,10 @@ class RouterManager {
         this.siteRouter.mountRouter(unsubscribeRouter.router());
         this.registry.setRouter('unsubscribeRouter', unsubscribeRouter);
 
+        const subscribeRouter = new SubscribeRouter();
+        this.siteRouter.mountRouter(subscribeRouter.router());
+        this.registry.setRouter('subscribeRouter', subscribeRouter);
+        
         if (RESOURCE_CONFIG.QUERY.email) {
             const emailRouter = new EmailRouter(RESOURCE_CONFIG);
             this.siteRouter.mountRouter(emailRouter.router());
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/SubscribeRouter.js b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/SubscribeRouter.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..523897703f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/SubscribeRouter.js
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+const ParentRouter = require('./ParentRouter');
+const controllers = require('./controllers');
+
+/**
+ * @description Subscribe Router.
+ *
+ * "/subscribe/" -> Subscribe Router
+ */
+class SubscribeRouter extends ParentRouter {
+    constructor() {
+        super('SubscribeRouter');
+
+        // @NOTE: hardcoded, not configurable
+        this.route = {value: '/confirm_signup/'};
+        this._registerRoutes();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @description Register all routes of this router.
+     * @private
+     */
+    _registerRoutes() {
+        this.mountRoute(this.route.value, controllers.subscribe);
+    }
+}
+
+module.exports = SubscribeRouter;
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/index.js b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/index.js
index a60a9c48d4..53d7b0d0c5 100644
--- a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/index.js
+++ b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/index.js
@@ -29,5 +29,9 @@ module.exports = {
 
     get unsubscribe() {
         return require('./unsubscribe');
+    },
+
+    get subscribe() {
+        return require('./subscribe');
     }
 };
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/subscribe.js b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/subscribe.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ee1d007de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ghost/core/core/frontend/services/routing/controllers/subscribe.js
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+const debug = require('@tryghost/debug')('services:routing:controllers:subscribe');
+const path = require('path');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const handlebars = require('handlebars');
+const assetHelper = require('../../../helpers/asset');
+const {settingsCache} = require('../../../services/proxy');
+
+handlebars.registerHelper('asset', assetHelper);
+
+module.exports = async function subscribeController(req, res) {
+    debug('subscribeController');
+
+    // Get the query params
+    const {query} = req;
+    const token = query.token || null;
+    const action = query.action || null;
+    const ref = query.r || null;
+
+    if (!token || !action) {
+        return res.send(404);
+    }
+
+    // Prepare context for rendering template
+    const context = {
+        token,
+        action,
+        r: ref,
+        meta_title: settingsCache.get('title'),
+        accent_color: settingsCache.get('accent_color')
+    };
+    // Compile and render the template
+    const rawTemplate = fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(path.join(__dirname, '../../../views/subscribe.hbs'))).toString();
+    const template = handlebars.compile(rawTemplate);
+    return res.send(template(context));
+};
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/frontend/views/subscribe.hbs b/ghost/core/core/frontend/views/subscribe.hbs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c59cce5dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ghost/core/core/frontend/views/subscribe.hbs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
+    <title>{{title}}</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{asset "public/ghost.css" hasMinFile="true"}}" />
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="gh-app">
+        <div class="gh-viewport">
+            <main class="gh-main" role="main" id="main">
+                <div class="gh-flow">
+                    <div class="gh-flow-content-wrap">
+                        <h1>Subscribing to {{meta_title}}</h1>
+                        <p>If you are not redirected automatically, please click the "Subscribe" button below.</p>
+                        <form id="gh-subscribe-form" action="/members/api/member" method="POST">
+                            <input type="hidden" name="token" value="{{token}}" />
+                            <input type="hidden" name="action" value="{{action}}" />
+                            <input type="hidden" name="r" value="{{r}}" />
+                            <button class="gh-btn" style="background-color: {{accent_color}}; color: #FFFFFF" type="submit"><span>Subscribe</span></button>
+                        </form>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </main>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <script>
+        const main = document.getElementById('main');
+        main.style.display = 'none';
+        const form = document.getElementById('gh-subscribe-form');
+        form.submit();
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/server/services/members/MembersConfigProvider.js b/ghost/core/core/server/services/members/MembersConfigProvider.js
index 7d592e3652..eda3d0303a 100644
--- a/ghost/core/core/server/services/members/MembersConfigProvider.js
+++ b/ghost/core/core/server/services/members/MembersConfigProvider.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ const logging = require('@tryghost/logging');
 const {URL} = require('url');
 const crypto = require('crypto');
 const createKeypair = require('keypair');
+const labs = require('../../../shared/labs');
 
 class MembersConfigProvider {
     /**
@@ -87,7 +88,8 @@ class MembersConfigProvider {
     }
 
     getSigninURL(token, type, referrer) {
-        const siteUrl = this._urlUtils.urlFor({relativeUrl: '/members/'}, true);
+        const relativeUrl = ['signup', 'subscribe'].includes(type) && labs.isSet('membersSpamPrevention') ? '/confirm_signup/' : '/members/';
+        const siteUrl = this._urlUtils.urlFor({relativeUrl}, true);
         const signinURL = new URL(siteUrl);
         signinURL.searchParams.set('token', token);
         signinURL.searchParams.set('action', type);
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/server/web/members/app.js b/ghost/core/core/server/web/members/app.js
index 52bb8ac18e..723b361ab5 100644
--- a/ghost/core/core/server/web/members/app.js
+++ b/ghost/core/core/server/web/members/app.js
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ module.exports = function setupMembersApp() {
     // Initializes members specific routes as well as assigns members specific data to the req/res objects
     // We don't want to add global bodyParser middleware as that interferes with stripe webhook requests on - `/webhooks`.
 
+    // Double opt-in subscription handling
+    membersApp.post('/api/member', membersService.api.middleware.createMemberFromToken);
+
     // Manage newsletter subscription via unsubscribe link
     membersApp.get('/api/member/newsletters', middleware.getMemberNewsletters);
     membersApp.put('/api/member/newsletters', bodyParser.json({limit: '50mb'}), middleware.updateMemberNewsletters);
diff --git a/ghost/core/core/shared/labs.js b/ghost/core/core/shared/labs.js
index 3a708485b3..9e181a3377 100644
--- a/ghost/core/core/shared/labs.js
+++ b/ghost/core/core/shared/labs.js
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ const ALPHA_FEATURES = [
     'lexicalIndicators',
     // 'adminXOffers',
     'adminXDemo',
-    'onboardingChecklist'
+    'onboardingChecklist',
+    'membersSpamPrevention'
 ];
 
 module.exports.GA_KEYS = [...GA_FEATURES];
diff --git a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/__snapshots__/members.test.js.snap b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/__snapshots__/members.test.js.snap
index 7f19d6eb5a..55a9d4561b 100644
--- a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/__snapshots__/members.test.js.snap
+++ b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/__snapshots__/members.test.js.snap
@@ -1829,6 +1829,291 @@ Object {
 }
 `;
 
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 1: [body] 1`] = `
+Object {
+  "members": Array [
+    Object {
+      "attribution": Object {
+        "id": null,
+        "referrer_medium": "Ghost Admin",
+        "referrer_source": "Created manually",
+        "referrer_url": null,
+        "title": null,
+        "type": null,
+        "url": null,
+      },
+      "avatar_image": null,
+      "comped": false,
+      "created_at": StringMatching /\\\\d\\{4\\}-\\\\d\\{2\\}-\\\\d\\{2\\}T\\\\d\\{2\\}:\\\\d\\{2\\}:\\\\d\\{2\\}\\\\\\.000Z/,
+      "email": "member_getting_confirmation@test.com",
+      "email_count": 0,
+      "email_open_rate": null,
+      "email_opened_count": 0,
+      "email_suppression": Object {
+        "info": null,
+        "suppressed": false,
+      },
+      "geolocation": null,
+      "id": StringMatching /\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{24\\}/,
+      "labels": Array [],
+      "last_seen_at": null,
+      "name": "Send Me Confirmation",
+      "newsletters": Array [
+        Object {
+          "description": null,
+          "id": StringMatching /\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{24\\}/,
+          "name": "Default Newsletter",
+          "status": "active",
+        },
+        Object {
+          "description": null,
+          "id": StringMatching /\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{24\\}/,
+          "name": "Daily newsletter",
+          "status": "active",
+        },
+      ],
+      "note": null,
+      "status": "free",
+      "subscribed": true,
+      "subscriptions": Array [],
+      "tiers": Array [],
+      "updated_at": StringMatching /\\\\d\\{4\\}-\\\\d\\{2\\}-\\\\d\\{2\\}T\\\\d\\{2\\}:\\\\d\\{2\\}:\\\\d\\{2\\}\\\\\\.000Z/,
+      "uuid": StringMatching /\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{8\\}-\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{4\\}-\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{4\\}-\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{4\\}-\\[a-f0-9\\]\\{12\\}/,
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 2: [headers] 1`] = `
+Object {
+  "access-control-allow-origin": "http://127.0.0.1:2369",
+  "cache-control": "no-cache, private, no-store, must-revalidate, max-stale=0, post-check=0, pre-check=0",
+  "content-length": "890",
+  "content-type": "application/json; charset=utf-8",
+  "content-version": StringMatching /v\\\\d\\+\\\\\\.\\\\d\\+/,
+  "etag": StringMatching /\\(\\?:W\\\\/\\)\\?"\\(\\?:\\[ !#-\\\\x7E\\\\x80-\\\\xFF\\]\\*\\|\\\\r\\\\n\\[\\\\t \\]\\|\\\\\\\\\\.\\)\\*"/,
+  "location": Any<String>,
+  "vary": "Accept-Version, Origin, Accept-Encoding",
+  "x-powered-by": "Express",
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 3: [html 1] 1`] = `
+"
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta name=\\"viewport\\" content=\\"width=device-width\\">
+    <meta http-equiv=\\"Content-Type\\" content=\\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\\">
+    <title>🙌 Complete your sign up to Ghost's Test Site!</title>
+    <style>
+    /* -------------------------------------
+        RESPONSIVE AND MOBILE FRIENDLY STYLES
+    ------------------------------------- */
+    @media only screen and (max-width: 620px) {
+      table[class=body] h1 {
+        font-size: 28px !important;
+        margin-bottom: 10px !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] p,
+            table[class=body] ul,
+            table[class=body] ol,
+            table[class=body] td,
+            table[class=body] span,
+            table[class=body] a {
+        font-size: 16px !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .wrapper,
+            table[class=body] .article {
+        padding: 10px !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .content {
+        padding: 0 !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .container {
+        padding: 0 !important;
+        width: 100% !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .main {
+        border-left-width: 0 !important;
+        border-radius: 0 !important;
+        border-right-width: 0 !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .btn table {
+        width: 100% !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .btn a {
+        width: 100% !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] .img-responsive {
+        height: auto !important;
+        max-width: 100% !important;
+        width: auto !important;
+      }
+      table[class=body] p[class=small],
+      table[class=body] a[class=small] {
+        font-size: 11px !important;
+      }
+    }
+    /* -------------------------------------
+        PRESERVE THESE STYLES IN THE HEAD
+    ------------------------------------- */
+    @media all {
+      .ExternalClass {
+        width: 100%;
+      }
+      .ExternalClass,
+            .ExternalClass p,
+            .ExternalClass span,
+            .ExternalClass font,
+            .ExternalClass td,
+            .ExternalClass div {
+        line-height: 100%;
+      }
+      .recipient-link a {
+        color: inherit !important;
+        font-family: inherit !important;
+        font-size: inherit !important;
+        font-weight: inherit !important;
+        line-height: inherit !important;
+        text-decoration: none !important;
+      }
+      #MessageViewBody a {
+        color: inherit;
+        text-decoration: none;
+        font-size: inherit;
+        font-family: inherit;
+        font-weight: inherit;
+        line-height: inherit;
+      }
+    }
+    hr {
+      border-width: 0;
+      height: 0;
+      margin-top: 34px;
+      margin-bottom: 34px;
+      border-bottom-width: 1px;
+      border-bottom-color: #EEF5F8;
+    }
+    a {
+      color: #3A464C;
+    }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body style=\\"background-color: #FFFFFF; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0; padding: 0; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;\\">
+    <table border=\\"0\\" cellpadding=\\"0\\" cellspacing=\\"0\\" class=\\"body\\" style=\\"border-collapse: separate; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; width: 100%; background-color: #FFFFFF;\\">
+      <tr>
+        <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top;\\">&nbsp;</td>
+        <td class=\\"container\\" style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; display: block; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 540px; padding: 10px; width: 540px;\\">
+          <div class=\\"content\\" style=\\"box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 600px; padding: 30px 20px;\\">
+
+            <!-- START CENTERED WHITE CONTAINER -->
+            <span class=\\"preheader\\" style=\\"color: transparent; display: none; height: 0; max-height: 0; max-width: 0; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; visibility: hidden; width: 0;\\">Complete signup for Ghost's Test Site!</span>
+            <table class=\\"main\\" style=\\"border-collapse: separate; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; width: 100%; background: #ffffff; border-radius: 8px;\\">
+
+              <!-- START MAIN CONTENT AREA -->
+              <tr>
+                <td class=\\"wrapper\\" style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;\\">
+                  <table border=\\"0\\" cellpadding=\\"0\\" cellspacing=\\"0\\" style=\\"border-collapse: separate; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; width: 100%;\\">
+                    <tr>
+                      <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top;\\">
+                        <p style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 20px; color: #15212A; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px;\\">Hey there!</p>
+                        <p style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; color: #3A464C; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 32px;\\">Tap the link below to complete the signup process for Ghost's Test Site, and be automatically signed in:</p>
+                        <table border=\\"0\\" cellpadding=\\"0\\" cellspacing=\\"0\\" class=\\"btn btn-primary\\" style=\\"border-collapse: separate; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;\\">
+                          <tbody>
+                            <tr>
+                              <td align=\\"left\\" style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 35px;\\">
+                                <table border=\\"0\\" cellpadding=\\"0\\" cellspacing=\\"0\\" style=\\"border-collapse: separate; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; width: auto;\\">
+                                  <tbody>
+                                    <tr>
+                                      <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #FF1A75; border-radius: 5px; text-align: center;\\"> <a href=\\"http://127.0.0.1:2369/confirm_signup/?token=REPLACED_TOKEN&action=signup\\" target=\\"_blank\\" style=\\"display: inline-block; color: #ffffff; background-color: #FF1A75; border: solid 1px #FF1A75; border-radius: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; padding: 9px 22px 10px; border-color: #FF1A75;\\">Confirm signup</a> </td>
+                                    </tr>
+                                  </tbody>
+                                </table>
+                              </td>
+                            </tr>
+                          </tbody>
+                        </table>
+                        <p style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; color: #3A464C; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 11px;\\">For your security, the link will expire in 24 hours time.</p>
+                        <p style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; color: #3A464C; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px;\\">See you soon!</p>
+                        <hr/>
+                        <p style=\\"word-break: break-all; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 15px; color: #3A464C; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0;\\">You can also copy & paste this URL into your browser:</p>
+                        <p style=\\"word-break: break-all; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0; color: #3A464C;\\">http://127.0.0.1:2369/confirm_signup/?token=REPLACED_TOKEN&action=signup</p>
+                      </td>
+                    </tr>
+                  </table>
+                </td>
+              </tr>
+
+              <!-- START FOOTER -->
+
+              <tr>
+                <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 80px;\\">
+                  <p class=\\"small\\" style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; color: #738A94; font-weight: normal; margin: 0;\\">If you did not make this request, you can simply delete this message. You will not be signed up, and no account will be created for you.</p>
+                </td>
+              </tr>
+              <tr>
+                <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 2px;\\">
+                  <p class=\\"small\\" style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; color: #738A94; font-weight: normal; margin: 0;\\">This message was sent from <a class=\\"small\\" href=\\"http://127.0.0.1:2369/\\" style=\\"text-decoration: underline; color: #738A94; font-size: 11px;\\">127.0.0.1</a> to <a class=\\"small\\" href=\\"mailto:member_getting_confirmation@test.com\\" style=\\"text-decoration: underline; color: #738A94; font-size: 11px;\\">member_getting_confirmation@test.com</a></p>
+                </td>
+              </tr>
+
+              <!-- END FOOTER -->
+
+            <!-- END MAIN CONTENT AREA -->
+            </table>
+
+          <!-- END CENTERED WHITE CONTAINER -->
+          </div>
+        </td>
+        <td style=\\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top;\\">&nbsp;</td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+  </body>
+</html>
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 4: [text 1] 1`] = `
+"Hey there,
+
+Tap the link below to complete the signup process for Ghost's Test Site, and be automatically signed in:
+
+http://127.0.0.1:2369/confirm_signup/?token=REPLACED_TOKEN&action=signup
+
+For your security, the link will expire in 24 hours time.
+
+See you soon!
+
+---
+
+Sent to member_getting_confirmation@test.com
+If you did not make this request, you can simply delete this message. You will not be signed up, and no account will be created for you."
+`;
+
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 5: [metadata 1] 1`] = `
+Object {
+  "encoding": "base64",
+  "forceTextContent": true,
+  "from": "\\"Ghost's Test Site\\" <noreply@127.0.0.1>",
+  "generateTextFromHTML": false,
+  "replyTo": null,
+  "subject": "🙌 Complete your sign up to Ghost's Test Site!",
+  "to": "member_getting_confirmation@test.com",
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`Members API Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled 6: [headers] 1`] = `
+Object {
+  "access-control-allow-origin": "http://127.0.0.1:2369",
+  "cache-control": "no-cache, private, no-store, must-revalidate, max-stale=0, post-check=0, pre-check=0",
+  "content-version": StringMatching /v\\\\d\\+\\\\\\.\\\\d\\+/,
+  "etag": StringMatching /\\(\\?:W\\\\/\\)\\?"\\(\\?:\\[ !#-\\\\x7E\\\\x80-\\\\xFF\\]\\*\\|\\\\r\\\\n\\[\\\\t \\]\\|\\\\\\\\\\.\\)\\*"/,
+  "vary": "Accept-Version, Origin",
+  "x-powered-by": "Express",
+}
+`;
+
 exports[`Members API Can add complimentary subscription (out of date) 1: [body] 1`] = `
 Object {
   "members": Array [
diff --git a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/members.test.js b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/members.test.js
index c43d180f0c..0b79f36ef6 100644
--- a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/members.test.js
+++ b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/admin/members.test.js
@@ -907,6 +907,118 @@ describe('Members API', function () {
     });
 
     it('Can add and send a signup confirmation email', async function () {
+        mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
+        const member = {
+            name: 'Send Me Confirmation',
+            email: 'member_getting_confirmation@test.com',
+            newsletters: [
+                newsletters[0],
+                newsletters[1]
+            ]
+        };
+
+        // Set site title to something with a special character to ensure subject line doesn't get escaped
+        // Refs https://github.com/TryGhost/Team/issues/2895
+        await agent.put('/settings/')
+            .body({
+                settings: [
+                    {
+                        key: 'title',
+                        value: 'Ghost\'s Test Site'
+                    }
+                ]
+            })
+            .expectStatus(200);
+
+        const {body} = await agent
+            .post('/members/?send_email=true&email_type=signup')
+            .body({members: [member]})
+            .expectStatus(201)
+            .matchBodySnapshot({
+                members: [
+                    buildMemberWithoutIncludesSnapshot({
+                        newsletters: 2
+                    })
+                ]
+            })
+            .matchHeaderSnapshot({
+                'content-version': anyContentVersion,
+                etag: anyEtag,
+                location: anyString
+            });
+
+        const newMember = body.members[0];
+
+        emailMockReceiver
+            .assertSentEmailCount(1)
+            .matchHTMLSnapshot([{
+                pattern: queryStringToken('token'),
+                replacement: 'token=REPLACED_TOKEN'
+            }])
+            .matchPlaintextSnapshot([{
+                pattern: queryStringToken('token'),
+                replacement: 'token=REPLACED_TOKEN'
+            }])
+            .matchMetadataSnapshot();
+
+        await assertMemberEvents({
+            eventType: 'MemberStatusEvent',
+            memberId: newMember.id,
+            asserts: [
+                {
+                    from_status: null,
+                    to_status: 'free'
+                }
+            ]
+        });
+
+        await assertMemberEvents({
+            eventType: 'MemberSubscribeEvent',
+            memberId: newMember.id,
+            asserts: [
+                {
+                    subscribed: true,
+                    source: 'admin',
+                    newsletter_id: newsletters[0].id
+                },
+                {
+                    subscribed: true,
+                    source: 'admin',
+                    newsletter_id: newsletters[1].id
+                }
+            ]
+        });
+
+        // @TODO: do we really need to delete this member here?
+        await agent
+            .delete(`members/${body.members[0].id}/`)
+            .matchHeaderSnapshot({
+                'content-version': anyContentVersion,
+                etag: anyEtag
+            })
+            .expectStatus(204);
+
+        // There should be no MemberSubscribeEvent remaining.
+        await assertMemberEvents({
+            eventType: 'MemberSubscribeEvent',
+            memberId: newMember.id,
+            asserts: []
+        });
+
+        // Reset the site title to the default
+        await agent.put('/settings/')
+            .body({
+                settings: [
+                    {
+                        key: 'title',
+                        value: 'Ghost'
+                    }
+                ]
+            })
+            .expectStatus(200);
+    });
+
+    it('Can add and send a signup confirmation email with membersSpamPrevention enabled', async function () {
         const member = {
             name: 'Send Me Confirmation',
             email: 'member_getting_confirmation@test.com',
diff --git a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/send-magic-link.test.js b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/send-magic-link.test.js
index 5484f3f465..877317768e 100644
--- a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/send-magic-link.test.js
+++ b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/send-magic-link.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-const {agentProvider, mockManager, fixtureManager, matchers} = require('../../utils/e2e-framework');
+const {agentProvider, mockManager, fixtureManager, matchers, resetRateLimits} = require('../../utils/e2e-framework');
+const {mockLabsDisabled} = require('../../utils/e2e-framework-mock-manager');
 const should = require('should');
 const settingsCache = require('../../../core/shared/settings-cache');
 const DomainEvents = require('@tryghost/domain-events');
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ describe('sendMagicLink', function () {
 
     beforeEach(function () {
         mockManager.mockMail();
-
+        resetRateLimits();
         // Reset settings
         settingsCache.set('members_signup_access', {value: 'all'});
     });
@@ -174,6 +175,7 @@ describe('sendMagicLink', function () {
     });
 
     it('triggers email alert for free member signup', async function () {
+        mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
         const email = 'newly-created-user-magic-link-test@test.com';
         await membersAgent.post('/api/send-magic-link')
             .body({
@@ -211,8 +213,48 @@ describe('sendMagicLink', function () {
         });
     });
 
+    it('triggers email alert for free member signup with membersSpamPrevention enabled', async function () {
+        const email = 'newly-created-user-magic-link-test-spam@test.com';
+        await membersAgent.post('/api/send-magic-link')
+            .body({
+                email,
+                emailType: 'signup'
+            })
+            .expectEmptyBody()
+            .expectStatus(201);
+
+        // Check email is sent
+        const mail = mockManager.assert.sentEmail({
+            to: email,
+            subject: /Complete your sign up to Ghost!/
+        });
+
+        // Get link from email
+        const [url] = mail.text.match(/https?:\/\/[^\s]+/);
+        const parsed = new URL(url);
+        const token = parsed.searchParams.get('token');
+
+        // Get member data from token
+        const signinLink = await membersService.api.createMemberFromToken(token);
+
+        // Wait for the dispatched events (because this happens async)
+        await DomainEvents.allSettled();
+        // Check member alert is sent to site owners
+        mockManager.assert.sentEmail({
+            to: 'jbloggs@example.com',
+            subject: /🥳 Free member signup: newly-created-user-magic-link-test-spam@test.com/
+        });
+
+        // Check the signin link is returned correctly
+        const parsedSigninLink = new URL(signinLink);
+        const signinToken = parsedSigninLink.searchParams.get('token');
+        const action = parsedSigninLink.searchParams.get('action');
+        should(action).equal('signin');
+        should(signinToken.length).equal(32);
+    });
+
     it('Converts the urlHistory to the attribution and stores it in the token', async function () {
-        const email = 'newly-created-user-magic-link-test-2@test.com';
+        const email = 'newly-created-user-magic-link-test-10@test.com';
         await membersAgent.post('/api/send-magic-link')
             .body({
                 email,
diff --git a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/signin.test.js b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/signin.test.js
index aaa238bbec..34787e3b51 100644
--- a/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/signin.test.js
+++ b/ghost/core/test/e2e-api/members/signin.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 const {agentProvider, mockManager, fixtureManager, configUtils, resetRateLimits, dbUtils} = require('../../utils/e2e-framework');
+const {mockLabsDisabled} = require('../../utils/e2e-framework-mock-manager');
 const models = require('../../../core/server/models');
 const assert = require('assert/strict');
 require('should');
@@ -118,6 +119,7 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
     });
 
     it('Will create a new member on signup', async function () {
+        mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
         const email = 'not-existent-member@test.com';
         const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup');
         const magicLinkUrl = new URL(magicLink);
@@ -146,7 +148,23 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
         });
     });
 
+    it('Will not create a new member on signup if membersSpamPrevention is enabled', async function () {
+        const email = 'not-existent-member-spam@test.com';
+        const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup');
+        const magicLinkUrl = new URL(magicLink);
+        const token = magicLinkUrl.searchParams.get('token');
+
+        await membersAgent.get(`/?token=${token}&action=signup`)
+            .expectStatus(302)
+            .expectHeader('Location', /success=false/);
+
+        const member = await getMemberByEmail(email, false);
+
+        assert(!member, 'Member should not have been created');
+    });
+
     it('Allows a signin via a signup link', async function () {
+        mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
         // This member should be created by the previous test
         const email = 'not-existent-member@test.com';
 
@@ -160,6 +178,19 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
             .expectHeader('Set-Cookie', /members-ssr.*/);
     });
 
+    it('Allows a signin via a signup link with membersSpamPrevention enabled', async function () {
+        // This member should be created by the previous test
+        const email = 'not-existent-member@test.com';
+
+        const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup');
+        const magicLinkUrl = new URL(magicLink);
+        const token = magicLinkUrl.searchParams.get('token');
+
+        await membersAgent.get(`/?token=${token}&action=signup`)
+            .expectStatus(302)
+            .expectHeader('Location', /\/welcome-free\/\?success=true&action=signup$/);
+    });
+
     it('Will not create a new member on signin', async function () {
         const email = 'not-existent-member-2@test.com';
         const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signin');
@@ -193,6 +224,7 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
         });
 
         it('Expires a token after 10 minutes of first usage', async function () {
+            mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
             const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup');
             const magicLinkUrl = new URL(magicLink);
             const token = magicLinkUrl.searchParams.get('token');
@@ -246,6 +278,7 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
         });
 
         it('Expires a token after 3 uses', async function () {
+            mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
             const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup');
             const magicLinkUrl = new URL(magicLink);
             const token = magicLinkUrl.searchParams.get('token');
@@ -459,6 +492,7 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
         });
 
         it('Will clear rate limits for members auth', async function () {
+            mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
             // Temporary increase the member_login rate limits to a higher number
             // because other wise we would hit user enumeration rate limits (this won't get reset after a succeeded login)
             // We need to do this here otherwise the middlewares are not setup correctly
@@ -548,6 +582,7 @@ describe('Members Signin', function () {
 
     describe('Member attribution', function () {
         it('Will create a member attribution if magic link contains an attribution source', async function () {
+            mockLabsDisabled('membersSpamPrevention');
             const email = 'non-existent-member@test.com';
             const magicLink = await membersService.api.getMagicLink(email, 'signup', {
                 attribution: {
diff --git a/ghost/core/test/e2e-frontend/subscribe_routes.test.js b/ghost/core/test/e2e-frontend/subscribe_routes.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c90ab76ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ghost/core/test/e2e-frontend/subscribe_routes.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// # Frontend Route tests
+// As it stands, these tests depend on the database, and as such are integration tests.
+// Mocking out the models to not touch the DB would turn these into unit tests, and should probably be done in future,
+// But then again testing real code, rather than mock code, might be more useful...
+const should = require('should');
+
+const sinon = require('sinon');
+const supertest = require('supertest');
+const cheerio = require('cheerio');
+const testUtils = require('../utils');
+const config = require('../../core/shared/config');
+let request;
+
+function assertCorrectFrontendHeaders(res) {
+    should.not.exist(res.headers['x-cache-invalidate']);
+    should.not.exist(res.headers['X-CSRF-Token']);
+    should.not.exist(res.headers['set-cookie']);
+    should.exist(res.headers.date);
+}
+
+describe('Frontend Routing: Subscribe Routes', function () {
+    afterEach(function () {
+        sinon.restore();
+    });
+
+    before(async function () {
+        await testUtils.startGhost();
+        request = supertest.agent(config.get('url'));
+    });
+
+    after(async function () {
+        await testUtils.stopGhost();
+    });
+
+    it('should return 404 if no token or action parameter is provided', async function () {
+        await request.get('/confirm_signup/?action=signup')
+            .expect(404);
+
+        await request.get('/confirm_signup/?token=123')
+            .expect(404);
+    });
+
+    it('should render the subscribe template if a token and action parameter is provided', async function () {
+        await request.get('/confirm_signup/?token=123&action=signup')
+            .expect('Content-Type', /html/)
+            .expect(200)
+            .expect(assertCorrectFrontendHeaders)
+            .expect((res) => {
+                const $ = cheerio.load(res.text);
+
+                should.not.exist(res.headers['x-cache-invalidate']);
+                should.not.exist(res.headers['X-CSRF-Token']);
+                should.not.exist(res.headers['set-cookie']);
+                should.exist(res.headers.date);
+
+                $('#gh-subscribe-form').should.exist;
+                $('#gh-subscribe-form').attr('action').should.eql('/members/api/member');
+                $('input[name="token"]').val().should.eql('123');
+                $('input[name="action"]').val().should.eql('signup');
+            });
+    });
+});
diff --git a/ghost/members-api/lib/controllers/RouterController.js b/ghost/members-api/lib/controllers/RouterController.js
index 6230607e8a..9f91ec2e78 100644
--- a/ghost/members-api/lib/controllers/RouterController.js
+++ b/ghost/members-api/lib/controllers/RouterController.js
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ module.exports = class RouterController {
         memberAttributionService,
         sendEmailWithMagicLink,
         labsService,
-        newslettersService
+        newslettersService,
+        createMemberFromToken
     }) {
         this._offersAPI = offersAPI;
         this._paymentsService = paymentsService;
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ module.exports = class RouterController {
         this._memberAttributionService = memberAttributionService;
         this.labsService = labsService;
         this._newslettersService = newslettersService;
+        this._createMemberFromToken = createMemberFromToken;
     }
 
     async ensureStripe(_req, res, next) {
@@ -555,4 +557,20 @@ module.exports = class RouterController {
             throw err;
         }
     }
+
+    async createMemberFromToken(req, res) {
+        const {token} = req.body;
+
+        // If successful, creating the member will return a signin link we can redirect the member to
+        // This will sign them in automatically
+        const signinLink = await this._createMemberFromToken(token);
+
+        if (!signinLink) {
+            res.writeHead(400);
+            return res.end('Bad Request.');
+        }
+
+        // If the member exists, redirect to the members page with the token in the URL to create a session
+        res.redirect(signinLink);
+    }
 };
diff --git a/ghost/members-api/lib/members-api.js b/ghost/members-api/lib/members-api.js
index 808c0f4263..d04c9b8d28 100644
--- a/ghost/members-api/lib/members-api.js
+++ b/ghost/members-api/lib/members-api.js
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ module.exports = function MembersAPI({
         stripeAPIService,
         tokenService,
         sendEmailWithMagicLink,
+        createMemberFromToken,
         memberAttributionService,
         labsService,
         newslettersService
@@ -247,6 +248,12 @@ module.exports = function MembersAPI({
             return member;
         }
 
+        // If spam prevention is enabled, we don't create the member via middleware upon clicking the magic link
+        // The member can only be created by following the link to /subscribe and sending a POST request to explicitly confirm
+        if (labsService.isSet('membersSpamPrevention')) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
         // Note: old tokens can still have a missing type (we can remove this after a couple of weeks)
         if (type && !['signup', 'subscribe'].includes(type)) {
             // Don't allow sign up
@@ -271,6 +278,45 @@ module.exports = function MembersAPI({
         return getMemberIdentityData(email);
     }
 
+    async function createMemberFromToken(token) {
+        const {email, labels = [], name = '', oldEmail, newsletters, attribution, reqIp, type} = await getTokenDataFromMagicLinkToken(token);
+        if (!email) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        const member = oldEmail ? await getMemberIdentityData(oldEmail) : await getMemberIdentityData(email);
+
+        if (member) {
+            const magicLink = getMagicLink(email, 'signin');
+            return magicLink;
+        }
+
+        // Note: old tokens can still have a missing type (we can remove this after a couple of weeks)
+        if (type && !['signup', 'subscribe'].includes(type)) {
+            // Don't allow sign up
+            // Note that we use the type from inside the magic token so this behaviour can't be changed
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        let geolocation;
+        if (reqIp) {
+            try {
+                geolocation = JSON.stringify(await geolocationService.getGeolocationFromIP(reqIp));
+            } catch (err) {
+                logging.warn(err);
+                // no-op, we don't want to stop anything working due to
+                // geolocation lookup failing
+            }
+        }
+
+        const newMember = await users.create({name, email, labels, newsletters, attribution, geolocation});
+        if (newMember) {
+            const magicLink = getMagicLink(email, 'signin');
+            return magicLink;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
     async function getMemberIdentityData(email) {
         return memberBREADService.read({email});
     }
@@ -330,6 +376,11 @@ module.exports = function MembersAPI({
             body.json(),
             forwardError((req, res) => routerController.sendMagicLink(req, res))
         ),
+        createMemberFromToken: Router().use(
+            body.urlencoded({extended: true}),
+            body.json(),
+            forwardError((req, res) => routerController.createMemberFromToken(req, res))
+        ),
         createCheckoutSession: Router().use(
             body.json(),
             forwardError((req, res) => routerController.createCheckoutSession(req, res))
@@ -377,6 +428,7 @@ module.exports = function MembersAPI({
         getMemberIdentityToken,
         getMemberIdentityDataFromTransientId,
         getMemberIdentityData,
+        createMemberFromToken,
         cycleTransientId,
         setMemberGeolocationFromIp,
         getPublicConfig,